This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Hawaii has become the latest state to allow residents to upload and verify their COVID-19 vaccination status. Read the original article: Hawaii unwraps voluntary digital vaccination record
Category: GCN: News, Explainers, Insights
Mind the development talent gap: A low-to-high approach
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights If developers code on the “low,” or unclassified, side they can leverage al the best practices, tools and talent available without the need for a fully classified environment. The trick…
Security certifications, prior experience stymie cyber hiring
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A cybersecurity workforce with a range of backgrounds and experiences is a more effective one, but expensive certifications and limited entry-level opportunities are keeping candidates away, experts say. Read the…
The unemployment insurance system is set to get a tech makeover — but it needs much more, the Biden administration says
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Labor Department has launched an overhaul of the technology that runs the unemployment insurance system, which was overwhelmed by claims and plagued by fraud during the pandemic. But the…
Looking for election threats in all the wrong places
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Jurisdictions applying cybersecurity approaches learned from past elections may be vulnerable to new attacks, one expert says. Read the original article: Looking for election threats in all the wrong places
5 ways to improve cyber resilience against ransomware, supply chain attacks
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Moving to a data-centric security approach, leveraging public-private partnerships and working to retain top cyber talent will help agencies combat growing cybersecurity threats. Read the original article: 5 ways to…
Redistricting battles kick off in state courts
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Between delayed census redistricting data, increased public interest and access to online redistricting tools, states could see a record number of challenges to maps being drawn with the new data.…
Virginia expands sewage surveillance for COVID
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights To better spot infections before cases spike, the Virginia Department of Health’s wastewater surveillance testing program will start receiving data weekly from 25 sites selected based on geographical location and…
Boston launches chatbot, donation platform to strengthen food access
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The SMS chatbot and online food donation platform aim to give city residents a centralized, easy-access source for food resource information. Read the original article: Boston launches chatbot, donation platform…
Why agencies need low-code application development right now
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Empowering developers with low-code application platforms and a robust software architecture will help them deliver innovation, application modernization and more agile compliance. Read the original article: Why agencies need low-code…
COVID dashboard tracks virus spread
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Washoe County, Nev., turned to Esri ArcGIS to create a dashboard that would monitor the virus’ progression through the area. Read the original article: COVID dashboard tracks virus spread
Analytics platform surfaces insights from regulatory documents
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights An open-source project that collects, quantifies and visualizes federal and state regulatory text allows policymakers to analyze the data when making decisions on regulations. Read the original article: Analytics platform…
White House drafts zero-trust guidance
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The administration is looking for comments on strategic guidance containing baseline expectations for agency migrations to a zero-trust architecture. Read the original article: White House drafts zero-trust guidance
Legislation proposes restarting the Smart Cities Challenge
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Smart Technologies for Accessible and Resilient Transportation Act seeks to encouraging the adoption of smart transportation technology by renewing the Smart Cities Challenge. Read the original article: Legislation proposes…
V-Safe: How everyday people help the CDC track COVID vaccine safety with their phones
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The v-safe registry lets inoculated people report their experiences, including serious suspected side effects, directly to the CDC through smartphones, adding to the data gathered from clinical trials and other…
Cloud can help speed FOIA response
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Centralized, cloud-based repositories that consolidate information make it easier for agencies to search for data needed to fulfill Freedom of Information Act requests. Read the original article: Cloud can help…
Rethinking backups to combat ransomware
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A backup system that is a virtual device not only manages the storing of the agency’s data on physical media but it also creates a virtualized copy of that data…
BLM eyes GIS for estimating development mitigation costs
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Bureau of Land Management is looking for GIS services that would help it better estimate compensatory mitigation costs for solar projects and restoring habitat for threatened and endangered species.…
County tests blockchain for vital records
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A proof-of-concept in Riverside County, Calif., allows customers to select the records they need, authenticate themselves, pay for the copies and receive blockchain-secured digital documents within minutes. Read the original…
UI modernization to get boost from new Labor office
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Department of Labor’s new Office of Unemployment Insurance Modernization is tasked with managing the $2 billion already allotted to UI initiatives by the American Rescue Plan Act. Read the…
Critical infrastructure warrants mandatory safeguards and sufficient funding
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Numerous high-profile cybersecurity breaches over the past year have changed the way we think about infrastructure, prompting a reevaluation of what must be done to protect the assets that ensure…
States to offer digital driver’s license via Apple Wallet app
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The tech company is working with states to create digital IDs from driver’s licenses for the Apple’s Wallet app. Read the original article: States to offer digital driver’s license via…
Feds are increasing use of facial recognition systems – despite calls for a moratorium
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Until facial recognition technologies are better understood, their use in consequential applications should be halted until they can be properly regulated. Read the original article: Feds are increasing use of…
How the Deepfake Task Force can improve the emergency alert system
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Standards established by the Deepfake Task Force will enable the creation of a more powerful, flexible and reliable emergency alert system that can create messages in hundreds of languages and…
Data analytics key to USPS transformation, IG says
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The U.S. Postal Service’s investment in data analytics across the supply chain will help drive its transformation, the inspector general said in a recent report. Read the original article: Data…
Data privacy laws in the US protect profit but prevent sharing data for public good — people want the opposite
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights While data exists to help health authorities or researchers better understand many complex problems – like racism, obesity and opioid abuse, data protection laws often get in the way. Read…
Local government as a data-driven community platform
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Smart data integration and secure management of digital identities will help local governments better serve their communities, a new report says. Read the original article: Local government as a data-driven…
3 strategies to move left of breach
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Zero-trust architecture will help agencies detect and prevent potential breaches, not just react to ones that already happened. Read the original article: 3 strategies to move left of breach
Federal 100’s cloud champions
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Many of this year’s winners were chosen for their work advancing cloud computing and network infrastructure to power remote work, secure agency systems and facilitate collaboration on COVID-19 research and…
Integrating cloud-native security and DevSecOps workflows
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Six tips for agency IT managers wrestling with cloud-native security issues and processes. Read the original article: Integrating cloud-native security and DevSecOps workflows
DIY redistricting allows public to draw maps in more states
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights At least a dozen states are giving residents access to the software and web tools needed to map out how their government should represent them. Read the original article: DIY…
4 ways the pandemic forced local governments to rethink budgeting and technology
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Due to the lasting impacts of COVID-19, governments have realized that the old ways of budgeting are no longer sustainable, and new technologies are needed to accelerate digital transformation. Read…
Zero trust is not enough: The case for continuous control validation
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The continuous data flow from automated testing gives agencies the insights they need to effectively modify inadequate security tools and programs and better prepare for future cyberattacks. Read the original…
Expired driver’s licenses open lane for cybercriminals
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Fraudsters are sending out emails and texts saying that an expired driver’s license must be updated and directing victims to online forms that collect personal information such as a Social…
Building tomorrow’s network today
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Agencies investing Technology Modernization Fund money into modernizing their networks should consider rapidly evolving wireless technologies, security and network and data center infrastructures. Read the original article: Building tomorrow’s network…
3D-printed barracks opens for Texas Military Department trainees
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The 3,800 square-foot structure, which is the largest 3D-printed structure in North America, cost one third as much as traditional facilities to build and is expected to last for decades.…
States pull back on COVID data even amid delta surge
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Just as hurricane warnings are needed ahead of storm, full information on COVID-19 cases, deaths and hospitalizations is vital during the pandemic, public health experts say. Read the original article:…
Argonne unwraps testbed supercomputer to prep for exascale
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Argonne National Laboratory has announced the Polaris high-performance computer, a testbed system to help get software and applications ready to run on future exascale machines. Read the original article: Argonne…
FedRAMP leans into OSCAL for streamlining authorizations
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program is pushing adoption of the Open Security Controls Assessment Language to enable automated reviews. Read the original article: FedRAMP leans into OSCAL for…
Creating innovative, streamlined and accessible digital experiences
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A low-code development platform can dramatically streamline innovation and accelerate development of 508-compliant apps and websites. Read the original article: Creating innovative, streamlined and accessible digital experiences
Pittsburgh stands up citywide fiber network
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Pittsburgh will connect 131 city facilities on its new unified citywide fiber network as part of the NetPGH initiative. Read the original article: Pittsburgh stands up citywide fiber network
Facial recognition tech: Not just for IDing criminals
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A GAO survey of 24 agencies found facial recognition technology has been primarily used for digital access, law enforcement or cyber and physical security, but some agencies are researching new…
IG council scouting for data analytics tools
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency is looking for IT tools, software and services that can help OIG data scientists conduct more efficient and effective audits.…
IRS beefs up compute power for fraud detection
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights When IRS ran a test of its fraud-detection algorithm on a GPU-accelerated platform across 4 terabyes of data, processing speeds increased 10-fold. Read the original article: IRS beefs up compute…
Facing foreign election foes, states hire ‘cyber navigators’
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Cyber navigators train local officials how to prevent and respond to cybersecurity breaches and keep an eye on big security compromises and phishing threats. Read the original article: Facing foreign…
Agencies’ online forms lack required interactive features
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Modernized forms could help agencies reduce waste, increase efficiency and improve data collection, a new report says. Read the original article: Agencies’ online forms lack required interactive features
Endpoint protection: Securing the pieces that make up the whole
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights If properly tuned and configured, endpoint detection and response solutions that incorporate artificial intelligence, threat hunting at scale and vulnerability management for IT hygiene can help agencies stop known and…
VA readies cloud-based data platform
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights VA Data Commons features computing infrastructure, co-located data and commonly used software services, tools, and apps for managing, analyzing and sharing data. Read the original article: VA readies cloud-based data…
Cloud-native incident management streamlines emergency response
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The CommandCentral cloud-native solution links data and workflows from an initial 911 call all the way through the criminal justice system. Read the original article: Cloud-native incident management streamlines emergency…
Protecting citizen-facing staff from phishing starts with a people-first approach
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Intelligent solutions that adopt a zero-trust model can analyze the content and context of each email before it reaches an employee’s inbox. Read the original article: Protecting citizen-facing staff from…
Illinois takes a big hit on COVID-related unemployment fraud
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The state’s Department of Employment Security said close to $15 million has been paid to fraudsters, but the state could have lost as much as $1 billion, one tech exec…
Price tag on NY’s vaccination app keeps rising
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights New York’s Excelsior Pass vaccine authentication app may cost much more than first expected. Read the original article: Price tag on NY’s vaccination app keeps rising
CISA updates ransomware tips
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency has posted a fact sheet to help public- and private-sector organizations prevent and respond to threats from ransomware attackers to release sensitive information if…
How a simple crystal could help pave the way to full-scale quantum computing
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights New research tackles a core problem at the heart of scaling up quantum computers: How do we go from controlling just a few qubits to controlling millions? Read the original…
AI on the line: Monitoring prisoners’ phone calls for criminal intent
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Speech-recognition technology, semantic analytics and machine learning can flag phone calls in near real time that contain conversations that point to violence or criminal behavior. Read the original article: AI…
How crisis management tech helps emergency managers prepare for active shooter incidents
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Incident management technology’s time-saving collaboration gives first responders and hospital staff more time to focus on life-saving efforts and allows emergency managers to review details of the event and find…
The Internet Archive has been fighting for 25 years to keep what’s on the web from disappearing – and you can help
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Archiving government websites promotes transparency and accountability. Especially during times of transition, government websites are vulnerable to deletion with changing political parties. Read the original article: The Internet Archive has…
How predictive analytics keeps corrections staff, inmates safe
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights State correction departments in Indiana and South Carolina turned to predictive analytics and machine learning solutions to aggregate data and help predict offender violence. Read the original article: How predictive…
How machine learning is helping us fine-tune climate models to reach unprecedented detail
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Machine learning algorithms can predict data missing from satellite observations and develop realistic, high-resolution climate models. Read the original article: How machine learning is helping us fine-tune climate models to…
Microsoft unwraps top secret cloud
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Microsoft announced its top secret, air-gapped Azure cloud has received authorization to operate and are “generally available” for national security workloads. Read the original article: Microsoft unwraps top secret cloud
Digital twin models energy profile of every US building
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s AutoBEM software suite can make energy-saving recommendations for every building in the country. Read the original article: Digital twin models energy profile of every US building
Solarium progress report highlights security advances, challenges
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights While most of the Cyberspace Solarium Commission’s recommendations are on track to being implemented, but lack of funding could potentially undermine some efforts, according to a recent the commissions’ 56-page…
How better data can help states improve online sales tax collection
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights While practices vary, states are largely unable to determine what share of sales taxes is coming from online sales and often lack an effective way of making sure businesses comply.…
For smartphone makers, security is a matter of economics
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Only when average smartphone users start to value security as much as they do the new bells and whistles will manufacturers be forced to treat security like the life-or-death issue…
How hackers can use message mirroring apps to see all your SMS texts — and bypass 2FA security
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Attackers can leverage a compromised email/password combination connected to a Google account to nefariously install a readily available message mirroring app on a victim’s smartphone via Google Play. Read the…
What is the metaverse? 2 media and information experts explain
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The always-on virtual environments in which people can interact with one another and digital objects while operating virtual representations of themselves may become the successor to the internet. Read the…
Does smart-city tech threaten democracy?
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The rapid adoption of smart-city technology has created unforeseen conditions that could risk common civil liberties, according to a new report. Read the original article: Does smart-city tech threaten democracy?
4 keys to advancing environmental priorities through collaboration
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Tackling climate change requires continued cross-agency collaboration and the right enabling technologies. Read the original article: 4 keys to advancing environmental priorities through collaboration
New York, Argonne model climate-change impact on power grid
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The project will deliver very specific climate predictions that will help officials understand vulnerabilities in the New York Power Authority’s grid to future climate impacts. Read the original article: New…
Wisconsin clears UI backlog with cloud-based AI
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Working with Google Cloud, the state was able to clear its bottleneck of unemployment insurance claims, leverage predictive analytics to speed response time and screen out fraudulent claims. Read the…
Using ARPA funds to build a technology foundation that supports recovery
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Using funds from the American Rescue Plan Act to modernize legacy systems by moving to the cloud and expanding workforce and analytics tools, agencies can expedite pandemic recovery while forging…
Digital twins the ‘ultimate tool’ for city infrastructure planning
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Cities using digital twins for more efficient urban planning can expect to save $280 billion by 2030, according to market research. Read the original article: Digital twins the ‘ultimate tool’…
How data helps Boulder police, community tackle crime
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Boulder, Colo., Police Department’s new open data portal lets the public view and download crime data as part of an effort to boost transparency and reduce crime. Read the…
Do you understand the risk in your software sausage?
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Since an application is only as secure as its least secure component, it’s imperative to know what’s in the software sausage. Read the original article: Do you understand the risk…
OMB issues initial instructions for ‘critical software’ protection
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Agencies now have guidance on securing critical software, as required by the Biden administration’s May executive order on cybersecurity. Read the original article: OMB issues initial instructions for ‘critical software’…
Infrastructure delivers autonomous edge solutions
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Texas Military Department is testing Public Infrastructure Network Nodes that incorporate 5G, edge computing, radar, lidar, enhanced GPS and intelligent transportation systems into one system. Read the original article:…
From terabytes to exabytes: Supporting AI and ML with object storage
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights While object storage is a common solution for cold storage, recent advances make it ideal for artificial intelligence applications, which require higher performance storage. Read the original article: From terabytes…
FCC releases wireless broadband map
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Federal Communications Commission released what it called “the first ever standardized look” at mobile broadband coverage from the U.S.’s largest wireless providers. Read the original article: FCC releases wireless…
How today’s secure web gateways enable essential work
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights A modern, cloud-based secure web gateway can be a vital element in a proactive security strategy — provided it has evolved to deliver the necessary agility and protection. Read the…
Pittsburgh’s mobility platform aims to expand transportation options
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Move PGH combines a smartphone app and 25 mobility hubs to give lower income residents a seamless digital and physical framework for getting around the city. Read the original article:…
For improved cybersecurity, cyber hygiene has to start at the endpoint
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Since traditional endpoint management and security tools are simply not fast or reliable enough to provide mission-critical security, agencies should adopt a platform that bridges the gap between security and…
NYC explores blockchain to reduce deed fraud
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights New York City’s Department of Finance is working to develop a blockchain proof-of-concept that would make data in property documents transparent and immutable and detect and reduce deed fraud. Read…
CISA’s launches joint cyber defense effort
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative aims to help the U.S. defend against threats to critical infrastructure through information-sharing and defense operations planning. Read the original article: CISA’s launches joint cyber…
Turning network traffic data into music to spot anomalies
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Researchers at Carnegie Mellon’s CyLab transposed data from a malware distribution network into music and played it for non-musicians who could accurately recognize deviations in pitch that indicated a change…
How transit-based IDs open the door for digital citizenship programs
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights By reshaping their digital tools, beginning with transportation-based identity systems, cities can create new ways for residents to interact with the urban environment around them. Read the original article: How…
How data can help reduce transportation inequity
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Reliable, qualitative data has helped some communities improve safety and access to transit services. Read the original article: How data can help reduce transportation inequity
Crowdsourced sensor data powers smoke map
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Fire and Smoke Map shows fine particle pollution from permanent EPA and Forest Service AirNow monitors, temporary monitors deployed by agencies for smoke events and crowdsourced low-cost sensors. Read…
How the State Department can overcome the trade-offs of its multicloud strategy
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights By sharpening their skills and adopting new tools designed for the complexities of hybrid environments, agencies can transform their operating model and do more with less — without the trade-offs.…
A need for speed: Why data at the edge is the ultimate modernizer
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights As the network edge becomes more substantial, speed and flexibility are differentiators for data delivery. Read the original article: A need for speed: Why data at the edge is the…
Cloud-based video redaction saves valuable staff time
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Eureka, Calif., Police Department uses a cloud- and artificial intelligence-based system to quickly find faces, license plates and computer screens that need to be redacted. Read the original article:…
Chattanooga to build testbed service for smart city research
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Built atop its Smart Corridor infrastructure, the testbed as a service will allow researchers to access and test algorithms using data from the city’s connected urban environment. Read the original…
Water infrastructure rife with cyber vulnerabilities, report says
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Between financial constraints and decentralized regulatory control, many water companies lack the resources for the continuous hygiene required for enterprise IT networks that are linked operational technology. Read the original…
NSA outlines Wi-Fi safety best practices
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights To help remote workers stay secure, the National Security Agency issued guidance on securing wireless devices in public. Read the original article: NSA outlines Wi-Fi safety best practices
CISA launches vulnerability disclosure platform
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The federal civilian enterprisewide VDP platform offers agencies a centrally managed system to gather vulnerability information from security researchers. Read the original article: CISA launches vulnerability disclosure platform
Defending against attacks on vehicle networks
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Army researchers are using machine learning to help the in-vehicle network identify the optimal way to shuffle the frequency and bandwidth allocation of IP addresses to deliver effective, long-term moving…
Commerce bots speed HR services delivery
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The Commerce Department’s Enterprise Services Division is using bots to slash processing time, allowing the shared services center staff to focus on more complicated customer service tasks. Read the original…
Indiana to test EV charging concrete
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Dynamic electric vehicle charging would make EV infrastructure more reliable and convenient. Read the original article: Indiana to test EV charging concrete
What the evolution of AI/ML means for government IT
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights The easy accessibility of cloud-native artificial intelligence and machine learning allows agencies to quickly design, test and deploy complex service solutions. Read the original article: What the evolution of AI/ML…
Algorithm could improve how self-driving cars take on narrow streets
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights By modeling different levels of driver cooperation, researchers hope to help autonomous vehicles safely and efficiently navigate situations where a driver’s temperament figures into decision-making. Read the original article: Algorithm…
Building a resilience framework from phone location data
This article has been indexed from GCN: News, Explainers, Insights Researchers at Texas A&M University have mined cellphone location data to build a framework that tracks fluctuations in a population’s activity before, during and after a natural disaster to determine…